Rotating, soil filled internally irrigated geotropic response limiting growing apparatus for use in accomplishing water, space, labor, energy and nutrient efficient agricultural production

ABSTRACT

The present invention is an apparatus and associated methods for more efficiently managing factors critical to the efficient production of beneficial plant life.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/496,260, filed Jun. 13, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

No federally sponsored research or development was involved in the creation or development of this invention.

THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

There are no others parties joined in the research associated with the creation and development of this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is an apparatus for use in improving the growth rate, size at maturity, water consumption, general health, and production costs associated with the cultivation of beneficial plant life. The word “beneficial” meaning those plants cultivated for nutritional, industrial, medical or ornamental use.

It has been demonstrated to a point of common knowledge that rotating a plant during its growing cycle serves to alter its geotropic (gravity), phototropic (light), and hydrotropic (water) responses. The present invention combines the modification of all such innate responses via rotation with other features and components to comprehensively maximize the irrigation, fertilization, space, power, labor and cost efficiencies associated with the production of beneficial plant life.

One of the common limiters of beneficial plant growth is access to a supply of water sufficient to sustain robust growth. Typically, open field cultivation requires the delivery of large volumes of water via some form of broadcast sprinkling or spraying, or via free flowing irrigation channels. In all instances, the amount of water delivered to plants in these ways will be greatly in excess of the amount actually consumed by the plants.

For the most part, water delivered by broadcast or channel style irrigation methods is lost to evaporation, runoff, and seepage. Wasteful irrigation practices contribute to the stress of limited water supplies as water lost to such practices may require a lengthy period of time before returning to local water tables (http://md.water.usgs.gov/faq/groundwater.html).

While some alternatives to largely wasteful broadcast and channel style irrigation such as controlled drip style systems may reduce water lost due to evaporation and seepage, the expense of such systems is often prohibitive, and the amount of water delivered to desirable plants versus the amount actually consumed by those plants still differs greatly.

Other alternative forms of cultivation such as hydroponics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophonics) and aquaponics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics) are also water intensive. While estimates vary, studies have demonstrated that as much as 20 to 30 gallons of water are required to grow a single head of lettuce utilizing either of these growing modalities. In addition, the nutrients utilized in hydroponics must be placed in solution via a process that requires substantial amounts of water adding to the accumulated water use footprint of this system of cultivation.

In controlled trials utilizing a working prototype, the present invention has routinely grown desirable plants to maturity at a consumption rate of approximately three gallons of water per plant with a correspondingly significant reduction in the amount of nutrients (fertilizers) and pesticides required to sustain robust growth and typically larger plants at maturity.

The present invention accomplishes exceptional water use efficiencies by rooting plants in a solid growing medium that is contained within a partially enclosed cylinder. This contained medium is hydrated via a unique drip and wick irrigation system limiting waste due to evaporation, runoff, or seepage while providing an exceptionally even hydration pattern within the growing medium.

With global water supplies in crisis (http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=25), water conserving systems and devices of all kind are of unique value. The present invention is capable of providing this benefit, among others, on a large scale.

In addition to contributing to the stresses associated with dwindling water supplies, open field agriculture, and to a lesser extent hydroponic and aquaponic cultivation, introduce millions of tons of toxic chemicals into the global environment every year. Runoff containing agricultural chemicals is a significant source of pollution in lakes, rivers and oceans (http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture.cfm).

The present invention cultivates desirable plant life in a contained growing medium. This modality results limits runoff eliminating the majority of the pollutants associated with open field, hydroponic and aquaponic cultivation.

The entomological factors associated with the cultivation of plants in the ground compel the use of significant amounts of pesticides and fungicides to maintain the health of such plants. The toxins associated with agricultural pesticides and fungicides have been found to be hazards to human and other forms of animal life (http://npic.orst.edu).

The present invention greatly reduces the need for pesticides by rooting plants in cylinders mounted in racks or towers. This elevates such cylinders well above the ground where many plant destroying pests and pathogens reside. In addition, the present invention employs a contained growing medium that is shielded from many of the air, water and soil borne pests and pathogens that give rise to the need for the application of pesticides and fungicides in open field production settings.

In controlled trials utilizing a working prototype, desirable plants have been grown to maturity without the application of toxic pesticides or fungicides. Any reduction in the consumption of pesticides and fungicides in the cultivation of beneficial plant life would result in a corresponding reduction in all forms of undesirable pollution related to such use.

The two dimensional nature of conventional open field, hydroponic and aquaponic agriculture requires a relatively large amount of horizontal space. In the instance of commercial farming, this requirement translates into a need for very large parcels of arable land. This need conflicts with the diminishing availability of arable parcels and an increasing global demand for food crops (http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/LandGrab_final_web.pdf).

The present invention employs more vertical space than horizontal space. The growing medium filled cylinders employed in this invention are designed for stationary mounting in a vertical rack or tower. Unlike other designs employing the planetary rotation of a small number of smaller, light weight cylinders, the present invention accommodates vertical arrangements of cylinders of an unlimited number and size.

Projections based upon production yields obtained during trials demonstrate that the land required for the cultivation of a given volume of beneficial plants utilizing conventional open field farming methods can be reduced by approximately 50% when using the present invention. Further, cultivation employing the present invention does not require arable land. This factor serving to further relieve stresses on arable land reserves.

Conventional open field farming requires extensive use of complex and expensive farm equipment. In most instances, this equipment requires the large scale consumption of fossil fuels (http://cirit.osu.edu/clusterone/LASCANET/pdf%20files/Lal_(—)3.pdf). The cost of such equipment combined with the cost of fuel, maintenance, insurance and labor for operators contribute to pricing pressures on desirable plant life.

The present invention utilizes a proprietary planting/harvesting basket (Hereinafter “basket) to facilitate the rapid seeding, starter growth, transplantation, growing and harvesting of plants. Seeds are germinated in baskets then grown to produce seedlings, sometimes called “starters”.

The roots of plants grown in baskets pass easily through the wire frame of the basket while stabilizing a root ball within the bounds of the basket. Prior to transplanting, a hole sized to the size and shape of a basket is excavated in the growing medium contained in a cylinder through a perforation in its outer casing. A basket containing a starter plant is inserted into the excavated hole then twisted to engage two locking tabs located under the upper retaining ring of the basket. The basket holds the starter plant in place until it roots expand into the growing medium in the cylinder.

With the exception of automated seeding, all aspects of the transplanting, growing and harvesting of plants grown in the present invention can be accomplished without machines or the need of generating or consuming mechanical energy. Eliminating the use of farm machines in the cultivation of desirable plant life should produce a positive effect on pricing pressures while eliminating undesirable emissions related to the consumption of fossil fuels.

PRIOR ART

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,529,379 an apparatus is described wherein plants are grown on shelves or trays that have been linked together in a carousel like manner. These plants remain in a vertical position as they rotate about an artificial light source.

The present invention:

a) Does not require an artificial light source. b) Provides a growing medium contained in a single cylinder as opposed to individual containers. c) Rotates plants rooted in the cylinder 360 degrees about the horizontal axis of the cylinder as opposed to growing plants vertically. d) Does not employ carousel like rotation of growing container(s). e) Employs direct root level irrigation of the growing medium via a drip and wick irrigation system. f) Employs scaffolding to facilitate the cultivation of taller and more fragile plants. g) Employs labor saving, root trauma reducing, self excavating planting/harvesting baskets to facilitate rapid transfer and harvesting of plants.

The foregoing not intended to limit other unlisted but relevant differences.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,973,353 an apparatus is described as a plant growth acceleration apparatus. This device is reliant on the planetary rotation of smaller scale growing cylinders about an artificial light source and a trough style apparatus for external irrigation.

The present invention:

a) Does not require an artificial light source. b) Employs direct root level irrigation of the growing medium via a drip and wick irrigation system versus trough style irrigation. c) Does not employ or rely upon planetary rotation. d) Is of a design that does not limit the size or weight to which planting cylinders can be expanded. e) Relies upon stationary growing medium filled cylinders rotating 360 degrees about the horizontal axis of each cylinder. f) Relies upon differing theory regarding the best practices for managing the geotropic and phototropic response of plant life. g) Is simpler and more elegant in design reducing cost of construction and operations. h) Employs scaffolding to facilitate the cultivation of taller and more fragile plants. i) Employs labor saving, root trauma reducing, self excavating planting/harvesting baskets to facilitate rapid transfer and harvesting of plants.

The foregoing not intended to limit other unlisted but relevant differences.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,634 an apparatus is described as managing the gravitational influence in order to increase plant yield. This device depends upon the planetary rotation of smaller scale growing cylinders about an artificial light source.

The present invention:

a) Does not require an artificial light source. b) Does not employ or rely upon planetary rotation. c) Is of a design that does not limit the size or weight to which planting cylinders can be expanded. d) Relies upon stationary growing medium filled cylinders rotating 360 degrees about the horizontal axis of each cylinder. e) Relies upon differing theory regarding the best practices for managing the geotropic and phototropic response of plant life. f) Is simpler and more elegant in design reducing cost of construction and operations. The foregoing not intended to limit other unlisted but relevant differences. g) Is simpler and more elegant in design reducing cost of construction and operations. h) Employs scaffolding to facilitate the cultivation of taller and more fragile plants. i) Employs labor saving, root trauma reducing, self excavating planting/harvesting baskets to facilitate rapid transfer and harvesting of plants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is an apparatus useful in improving the rate of growth, size at maturity, overall health, environmental impact, and total production cost associated with the cultivation of beneficial plant life (Hereinafter “plants”).

The present invention facilitates improvements in the growth rate, overall health and size of plants at maturity via improvements in controls over the innate responses of plants to:

-   -   1) Gravitational forces (Geotropic response).     -   2) Light direction and intensity (Phototropic response).     -   3) The quantity and direction of water sources (Hydrotropic         response).     -   4) The quantity and bio-availability of nutrients.     -   5) The mechanics of different growing mediums.

The present invention improves the environmental impact and total production cost of cultivating plants via reductions in:

-   -   1) Water lost to evaporation, seepage and leakage.     -   2) Nutrient (fertilizer) consumption.     -   3) Pesticide consumption.     -   4) Energy consumption.     -   5) Equipment costs.     -   6) Arable land space.     -   7) Labor.

The present invention utilizes a growing medium filled cylinder (hereinafter “cylinder) as a multi-axial platform for the growth of plants. Cylinders are bearing mounted on a rigid axle supported at its ends by a rack or stand allowing unencumbered rotation of each cylinder along its horizontal axis. Perforations in the cylinder's casing allow plants to form roots in the solid growing medium contained within the cylinder, while leaves, stems, fruit, and flowers develop outwardly.

Rotating the cylinder along its horizontal axis effects the geotropic response (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/geotropism) of the plants rooted within. Experiments with prototypes of this invention have confirmed that changing the orientation of plants in the cylinder with respect to gravity has a beneficial effect on their overall health, size at maturity, and morphology.

Rotating outward growing plants eliminates the need for controlling the direction of the light sources required for photosynthesis. As the cylinder presented in this application rotates, it exposes both the top, under, and edge sides of all leaves and stems to light emanating from all directions. This is of unique benefit as the majority of the cells responsible for photosynthesis (Stomata) are found on the underside of leaves (http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/leaf). When a larger number of stomata are exposed to an increased amount of light during the inversion phase of a 360 degree rotation, the efficiency of the photosynthetic process is improved.

The rotating cylinder utilized in the present invention also serves to enhance the efficiency of the drip and wick irrigation assembly located at the center of each cylinder. The rigid stationary axle supporting the cylinder is perforated along its length to allow for the controlled channeling of water and liquid nutrients to the growing medium contained within the cylinder. A larger casing consisting of perforated plastic pipe wrapped in a fabric silt sleeve is used to enclose the fluid bearing rigid axle.

Liquids from perforations in the rigid axle drip onto the inner wall of the plastic pipe casing. These liquids then drip onto the fabric silt sleeve through perforations in the plastic pipe casing. The centrifugal and gravitational forces resulting from rotation act to evenly wick fluids from the wet fabric silt sleeve throughout the growing medium. Irrigating in this manner facilitates even hydration, and minimizes water and liquid nutrient consumption while encouraging robust deep rooting in compliance with the hydrotropic response innate to all plants (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?hl=en&g=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.129.6385%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Ddf&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm1QodxHi x38lRej7r5q_oEJphT_rA&oi=scholarr.).

The present invention utilizes a unique planting/harvesting basket design (Hereinafter “basket) to minimize the labor, equipment, pollution and related costs associated with cultivation using the modalities normally associated with open field farming. The design of the basket allows the roots of plants to pass readily through the frame of the basket while a stable root ball is formed and retained in the basket.

Prior to transplanting into a cylinder, a plant is started from seed in a basket. When sufficiently mature, plants growing in baskets are transplanted into perforations through the outer casing of the cylinder. These perforations contain rectangular keyways that engage locking tabs located on each basket. These tabs hold the basket in place allowing the plant growing within to expand its root system into the growing medium contained in the cylinder.

In preparation for transplanting, holes matching the size and shape of each basket are excavated in the growing medium. Mating the size and shape of receiving holes to the existing size and shape of the basket and the root system it contains minimizes the need to reshape the root system to fit an irregularly shaped hole. This modality minimizes the root trauma of normal dig and plant transplanting. Low trauma transplantation encourages rapid rooting and the hydrotropic benefits of irrigation from beneath the root system of plants in the outer casing provides the benefits described above.

Plants growing in baskets are harvested by twisting the basket in a circular motion. This action causes the sharp edges of the basket's frame to sever the plant's roots while excavating a hole sized to receive the next basket and starter plant.

In order to expand the number and kind of plants suitable for cultivation in the present invention, scaffolding of various shapes and sizes is affixed to the exterior of the cylinder. This component of the apparatus provides support for taller and more fragile plants that might otherwise sustain damage due to the mechanical and gravitations stressors induced by rotation of the cylinder.

The stationary axle and modular cylinder design of the present invention allow for easy, stable and space efficient racking in vertical configurations. This reduces the footprint of land required for the production of desirable plant life as well as improvements in land procurement and operational cost efficiencies. Avoiding the instability induced by complex planetary rotation dependent designs, the stationary axle design utilized in the present invention can be scaled up to very large dimensions and weights.

The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention are presented for illustrative and descriptive purposes. They are not intended to limit use of the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations of this invention are possible in light of the information provided. The embodiments described are provided to explain the principles of the invention and some of the practical implications thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1:

Front elevation of basic apparatus (Hereinafter, the “cylinder”.

1) Nuts and washers attached to threaded rod battens running through the interior of the cylinder perpendicular to the rigid axle. Nuts tension battens to secure end caps while strengthening the cylinder.

2) Rotating cylinder housing growth medium and irrigation core components.

3) Perforations with rectangular keyways in outer casing of cylinder allow the rapid, low trauma transplanting of starter plants into exposed growth medium.

4) Perforated, rigid, irrigating axle provides conduit for the distribution of liquids to the growing medium contained in the cylinder.

a. Liquid source with connecting line to rigid axle.

aa. Rigid irrigating axle.

5) Positioning of internal spoke and bearing assembly.

7) Supporting rack, stand or tower.

FIG. 2:

Detail view of cylinder end cap.

1) Nuts and washers attached to threaded rod battens running through the interior of the cylinder perpendicular to the rigid axle. Nuts tension battens to secure end caps while strengthening the cylinder.

aa) Rigid irrigating axle.

2) Growing medium contained within cylinder.

FIG. 3:

Longitudinal cut away view of cylinder demonstrating orientation of internal components:

1) Nuts and washers attached to threaded rod battens running through the interior of the cylinder perpendicular to the rigid axle. Nuts tension battens to secure end caps while strengthening the cylinder.

b. Longitudinal cut away of cylinder.

aa) Rigid irrigating axle.

bb) Perforated PVC pipe surrounding rigid, irrigating axle

cc) Silt sleeve surrounding perforated PVC pipe surrounding rigid irrigating axle

6) Growing medium.

FIG. 4:

View of cylinder and a portion of interior with access hatch opened.

c. Rotating cylinder housing growth medium and irrigation core components.

aa) Rigid irrigation axle.

bb) Perforated PVC pipe surrounding rigid, irrigating axle

cc) Silt sleeve surrounding perforated PVC pipe surrounding rigid irrigating axle

5) Growing medium access hatch door in open position.

FIG. 5:

Cross section view of cylinder.

1) Threaded rod battens running through the interior of the cylinder perpendicular to the rigid axle. Nuts tension battens to secure end caps while strengthening the cylinder.

2) Rotating cylinder housing growth medium and irrigation core components.

aa) Rigid irrigation axle.

bb) Perforated PVC pipe surrounding rigid, irrigating axle

cc) Silt sleeve surrounding perforated PVC pipe surrounding rigid irrigating axle.

6) Growing medium.

FIG. 6:

Depiction of multiple cylinders racked in tower.

2) Rotating cylinder housing growth medium and irrigation core components.

7) Supporting rack, stand or tower.

FIG. 7:

View of cylinder with in-line scaffolding.

3) Perforations with keyways in outer casing of cylinder allow the rapid, low trauma transplanting of starter plants into exposed growth medium.

8a) Scaffolding affixed to cylinder for the support of tall and fragile plants.

FIG. 8:

View of cylinder with detail of perforations with keyways and top view of circular scaffolding.

3) Perforations with rectangular keyways in outer casing of cylinder allow the rapid, low trauma transplanting of starter plants into exposed growth medium.

8b) Top view of circular scaffolding affixed to cylinder.

FIG. 9:

Detail view of planting/harvesting basket and perforation in cylinder with keyway.

3) Perforation with rectangular keyways in outer casing of cylinder allow the rapid, low trauma transplanting of starter plants into exposed growth medium.

9) Self excavating planting/harvesting basket (Hereinafter “basket”).

9a) Finger holds to assist in twisting basket during insertion and removal.

9b) Upper retaining ring rests on outer perimeter of perforation in cylinder.

9c) Retaining tab fits through rectangular keyway in perforations in cylinder wall then interlock when twisted.

9d) Center retaining ring strengthens vertical portion of basket.

9e) Oval shaped vertical legs with sharpened edges strengthen vertical portion of basket while facilitating self excavating cutting action during harvesting.

FIG. 10:

Detail view of planting/harvesting basket and perforation in cylinder with keyway.

3) Perforation with rectangular keyways in outer casing of cylinder allow the rapid, low trauma transplanting of starter plants into exposed growth medium.

9) Self excavating planting/harvesting basket (Hereinafter “basket”).

9a) Finger holds to assist in twisting basket during insertion and removal.

9b) Upper retaining ring rests on outer perimeter of perforation in cylinder.

9c) Retaining tab fits through rectangular keyway in perforations in cylinder wall then interlock when twisted.

9d) Center retaining ring strengthens vertical portion of basket.

9e) Oval shaped vertical legs with sharpened edges strengthen vertical portion of basket while facilitating self excavating cutting action during harvesting.

10) Depiction of plant rooted in growing medium contained in planting/growing basket.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The prototypes of this invention were constructed of eighteen to twenty four inch diameter smooth wall and corrugated PVC culvert pipe sections (Hereinafter “Cylinders”). Metal, concrete, plastic or wood cylinders of any diameter can also be used.

Holes (Hereinafter “perforations”) are cut into each cylinder's outer wall in order to allow access to the growing medium contained within. Each perforation is large enough to accommodate healthy root and stem growth but small enough to prevent the growing medium from escaping. Plants rooted in each perforation grow outward away from the axis of rotation. The roots of each plant develop inward toward the axis of rotation.

Each cylinder is mounted on a rigid axle made of steel pipe or any other suitable material passing through its center. The rigid axle extends outwardly approximately twelve inches past the end of the cylinder providing a stable point for mounting the cylinder on a rack, stand or tower. Holes are drilled in the rigid axle in order to allow water and liquid nutrients to flow through it to the growing medium contained in the cylinder.

Each cylinder is supported and spaced from the rigid axle by circular spoke disks made from marine grade plywood or other suitable material. The outer diameter of each spoke disk is slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the cylinder. Smaller circles cut in the center of each spoke disk provide spaces into which sealed ball bearings are pressed. The inner race of each bearing rests on the rigid axle and the outer race turns with the spokes and cylinders. Spoke disks are placed at regular intervals along the length of the rigid axle.

To seal the ends of the cylinder, two circles of plywood or other suitable material are cut slightly larger than the exterior dimensions of the cylinder. These are then attached to two spoke disks of the kind described above. Bearings are mounted at the center of these end/cap spoke disk assemblies. Affixing end caps to spoke disks allows them to turn in unison around the rigid axle.

To hold the end caps in place while adding additional strength to the cylinder, threaded steel rods, pipes or cables (Hereinafter “battens”) run end to end through the interior of the cylinder parallel to the rigid axle. These battens pass through holes in the spoke disks as well as corresponding holes in the end caps. A portion of each batten protrudes beyond the end cap. Nuts or other suitable fasteners are used to tighten the battens applying tension to the cylinder along its length.

The rigid axle at the center of each cylinder is encased in sections of perforated PVC pipe. These outer sections of perforated PVC pipe are covered with a fabric silt sleeve preventing growing medium from blocking perforations in the rigid axle. Liquids flowing from the rigid axle drip into the perforated PVC casing surrounding it. These liquids then drip into the fabric silt sleeve through openings in the perforated PVC pipe. The fabric of the silt sleeve then distributes these liquids evenly via a wicking action. This action assures even, well controlled distribution of liquids to the growing medium contacting the silt sleeve. Liquids communicated to the growing medium in this way are further distributed by the gravitational and centrifugal forces associated with the rotation of the cylinder.

Once assembled and mounted on a rack, stand, or tower, each cylinder is turned by means of a chain, belt or gear drive attached to one of the end caps of the cylinder. The rigid axle remains static as a sprocket, pulley, or gear assembly attached to the end cap rotates the cylinder along its horizontal axis. Electric motors and chain drives have been used to propel prototype cylinders but the energy needed to accomplish rotation of the cylinder can be provided by any suitable electrical, mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic source. The mechanical connection between the power source and the cylinder can be of any suitable kind.

The opposite end of the rigid axle from the one employed for mounting of a sprocket, pulley or gear drive is capped with a fitting that allows for the attachment of a hose, tubing, or piping. Water and liquid nutrients are introduced into the rigid axle through this fitting. Liquids introduced to the rigid axle in this way drip into the silt sleeve covered perforated PVC pipe encasing the axle. The silt sleeve fabric becomes wet and this moisture wicks into the growing medium contained in the cylinder as described above.

Starter plants are introduced into the cylinder via transplantation utilizing a unique planting/harvesting basket (hereinafter “basket).

The growth cycle of a plant begins when a seed is introduced to a volume of growing medium in a basket that has been placed in a solid container. The seed is allowed to germinate, sprout and grow to a transplantable age in the growing basket. The normal course of root development forms and stabilizes a transportable root ball inside of the basket.

Baskets containing starter plants are transplanted into holes that match the size and shape of the basket in order to limit any deformation of the root ball it contains. This modality limits damage to the plant's root system as well as the stunting and death that sometimes result from such trauma.

When mature, plants are harvested by twisting the basket that contains them in a circular motion. This causes the sharpened edges of the basket's frame to sever protruding roots while excavating a root ball that remains in the basket. This action also excavates a hole sized and shaped to receive another basket and starter plant.

When required, elevated scaffolding is utilized to support taller and more fragile plants during their growing cycle. The rigors of rotation through the earth's gravitational field can damage plants unless they are properly supported. Scaffolding of the kind utilized in this invention varies in size, design and materials. In all instances scaffolding is affixed to the cylinder, provides an elevated point(s) of support for plants growing in the cylinder, and is sized and shaped to provide the most practical and efficacious mix of support applicable to a given size and type of plant.

In trials utilizing working prototypes of this apparatus, the present invention proved to be effective at improving the efficiencies of the factors generally considered to be most critical to the production of beneficial plant life (Hereinafter “plants”). Key to these improved efficiencies is the fact that this invention relies on a matrix of components that act together in a synergistic manner:

-   -   1) Controlled rotation of prototype cylinders beneficially         affected the geotropic response of the test plants. This effect         was noticeable in the form of consistently accelerated growth         rates and improved size and morphology of cylinder grown plants         compared to controls.     -   2) Controlled rotation of prototype cylinders served to more         evenly distribute water and liquid nutrients communicated to the         growing medium contained within them. A hollow rigid axle         located at the center of each cylinder was used as a conduit for         the irrigation of plants growing through the outer casing of         each cylinder. An electronic hydrometer was used to determine         moisture levels. Water and nutrients introduced at the center of         the cylinder—below the root system of plants growing though the         outer casing—consistently encouraged deeper rooting         (“hydrotropic” response) compared to controls.     -   3) Controlled rotation of plants growing in prototype cylinders         exposed all surfaces of the leaves and stems of such plants to         direct and indirect light coming from all directions. Exposure         of this kind inhibited each plant's tendency to direct growth         toward a dominant light source (Phototropic response). This         allowed each plant's energy and metabolic resources to be         channeled into growth of the whole plant resulting in improved         growth rates and morphology when compared to controls.     -   4) Controlled rotation of plants growing in prototype cylinders         improved the consistency and character of air flow over the         leaves and stems of such plants resulting in constant changes in         air pressure. It is common knowledge that changes in air         pressure benefit the respiration of plants. Constant change in         air pressure due to rotation resulted in improved color, growth         rate, and morphology when compared to controls.     -   5) Containing a growing medium mass in prototype cylinders         resulted in a significant reduction in irrigation water loss due         to evaporation, seepage and leaking. The result has been greatly         reduced water consumption against irrigation volumes required         for field grown controls.     -   6) Containing a growing medium mass in prototype cylinders         demised by solid spoke disks allowed improved controls over the         mechanics of the growing mediums used during experiments. In         trials, various compartments within each cylinder were filled         with disparate growing mediums possessing different properties         (mechanics). In that the mechanics of a given growing medium can         exercise a significant influence over the growth of a given         plant, the ability to control the mechanics of such mediums         contributed to improved plant growth and morphology versus         controls.     -   7) Transplanting young plants into prototype cylinders via         conventional dig and bury methods resulted in stunted growth and         plant death due to root system trauma. Experimentation with         planting/growth baskets mated to like sized holes excavated in         the growing medium within each cylinder resulted in         transplantation with limited root system trauma. This         improvement in growing and transplanting apparatus resulted in         consistently larger, healthier, and faster growing plants.     -   8) Growing plants to maturity in prototype cylinders         demonstrated that the stresses induced by rotation damaged         taller and more fragile plants. The use of scaffolding to         provide additional points of support for such plants resulted in         consistently healthy growth. 

I claim:
 1. An apparatus for improving efficiencies in the management of certain critical factors associated with the growth of beneficial plant life; Geotropic, phototropic and hydrotropic responses, hydration, growing medium mechanics, nutrient supply, light, arable space, mechanical energy and labor, such apparatus being comprised of an outer cylinder casing (Hereinafter “Cylinder”) with perforations at regular intervals along its length and about its circumference allowing for the inward rooting and outward growth of plant life and; a stationary, hollow, rigid axle perforated along its length to allow the channeling and distribution of liquids to a solid growing medium contained within the cylinder while providing a pivot point supporting rotation of the outer cylinder; a series of solid, circular spoke disks with circular chases at the center of each to accommodate bearings mounted in the spoke disk and on the hollow rigid axle at the center of the cylinder, such spoke disks acting to support and separate the cylinder from the axle at the center of the cylinder while allowing the outer casing to turn easily about its stationary rigid axle, and to compartmentalize segments of growing medium inside the cylinder in order to accommodate the use of multiple types of growing mediums as required to enhance the growth of beneficial plant life; two bearing mounted spoke disks mounted externally to form end caps attached mechanically to seal both ends of the outer cylinder casing; two or more pipe, cable or wire battens positioned parallel to the stationary rigid axle at a distance approximately midway between the axle and the outer cylinder casing, such battens passing through to the outside of both spoke disk end caps whereupon each is mechanically fastened in such a manner as to allow tensioning and turning about the stationary axle with the outer casing assembly; a series of perforated pipe sections wrapped in a fabric silt sleeve encasing the stationary, perforated and hollow but rigid axle, such encasing silt sleeve wrapped pipe sections being mechanically attached to the internal and external spoke disks allowing these sections to turn about the stationary axle with the outer casing assembly; a fitting of the type needed to connect a liquid source to the end of the stationary, hollow but rigid axle affixed to one end of that axle; a cap of a type needed to seal the other end of the stationary, hollow but rigid axle affixed to the remaining end of that axle; a vertical rack or tower consisting of mounting points as required to capture and support the ends of the stationary, hollow but rigid axle; a gear or pulley attached to one of the end caps attached to the outer cylinder casing; a gear or pulley attached to the drive shaft or a motor or other device with sufficient power to rotate the outer cylinder casing and its contents; a chain or belt to connect the gear or pulley attached to the outer cylinder casing to the motor or other device intended to power the rotation of the outer cylinder casing about its horizontal axis; sections of detachable external scaffolds to be attached as needed to the exterior of the cylinder in order to provide support for plants during rotation; planting/harvesting baskets made of wood, metal, plastic, or any other suitable material in which seeds are nurtured until small plants begin to root, whereupon such small plants while still growing in a planting/harvesting basket are transplanted into a cylinder where they grow to maturity, at which time the planting/harvesting basket is twisted to sever the roots of the plant it contains allowing for the harvest of such plants with a root ball intact as well as the simultaneous excavating of a hole sized to receive the next planting/harvesting basket with a small plant to be grown in the same manner.
 2. Apparatus as described in claim 1 mounted singularly or in groups on a rack or tower with spacing between each cylinder sufficient to allow unencumbered rotation of each cylinder along its horizontal axis while providing clearance for plants growing on the exterior of each cylinder.
 3. Apparatus as described in claim 1 constructed in such a manner as to allow the attachment of lines or tubes carrying liquids to each cylinder or grouping of cylinders for the purpose of delivering water or liquid nutrients.
 4. Apparatus as described in claim 1 constructed or operated within a partially or fully enclosed or screened structure.
 5. Apparatus as described in claim 1 constructed or operated in the open air with no cover or surrounding structure.
 6. Apparatus as described in claim 1 in which the “bearing mounted” component of claim 1 is accomplished by circular bearing chase receptacles cut into the internal and external spoke disks with the inner diameter of each ball bearing being equal to the outer diameter of the hollow, rigid axle and the outer diameter of each bearing being equal to the inner diameter of the chase receptacle cut into each spoke disk.
 7. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein the growing medium utilized in the cylinder is soil or any form of artificial, hybrid, loose or conformable growing medium.
 8. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein the “hollow but rigid axle” is the stationary load bearing portion of the apparatus providing support for spoke disks supporting the outer cylinder casing while providing a center point around which the outer cylinder and all its attached components rotate as well mounting points allowing cylinders to be mounted in racks or towers.
 9. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein the fabric silt sleeve wrapped around the perforated pipe sections encasing the stationary, perforated and hollow but rigid axle is made of a moisture and soil resistant material or mesh of sufficient porosity to prevent soil intrusion from blocking the free flow of water and nutrients from the perforated axle while producing an even distribution of such water and nutrients into the growing medium.
 10. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein rotation of the cylinder(s) is accomplished via any mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, animal and/or pneumatic means.
 11. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein such apparatus is used for the production of all forms of beneficial plant life whether such plant life be for consumption as human or animal food, processing for the extraction of chemicals or other such constituent products, or any manner of ornamental use.
 12. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein such apparatus is the cylinder is constructed of metal, light or heavy gauge wire mesh, plastic, glass, wood, fiberglass, resin composites, concrete, ceramics, or composted or compressed organic material.
 13. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein external scaffolding attached to the cylinder in order to provide support for plants growing in the cylinder during rotation is constructed of metal, light or heavy gauge wire or wire mesh, plastic, glass, wood, fiberglass, resin composites, concrete, ceramics, or composted or compressed organic material.
 14. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein the planting/harvesting baskets used in the starting and transplantation of plants to the cylinder and the efficient harvesting of plants from the cylinder are constructed of metal, light or heavy gauge wire or wire mesh, plastic, glass, wood, fiberglass, resin composites, concrete, ceramics, or composted or compressed organic material.
 15. Apparatus as described in claim 1, wherein the planting/harvesting baskets are inserted then attached or affixed to the cylinder using tabs inserted into an interlocking keyway then twist locked, screws or other threaded parts turned into a threaded receiving socket, or any combination of twist lock tabs or press fit assemblies. 